Clinical, tomographic, and topometric outcomes of progressive thickness intracorneal ring segment implantations in duck-type keratoconus

Purpose: To evaluate the visual, refractive, tomographic, and topometric outcomes of progressive thickness intracorneal ring segment (PT-ICRS) implantation in duck-type keratoconus. Methods: This retrospective study included eyes with oval (duck-type) keratoconus treated with PT-ICRS implantation. After the femtosecond laser tunnel creation, one PT-ICRS (Keraring AS 5 with 160° arc length) was implanted along the ectatic, inferior half of the cornea. Data of uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA), refraction, asphericity (Q value), and keratometry (K) were compared pre- and postoperatively. Additionally, changes in the topometric indices of corneal irregularity were also evaluated after PT-ICRS implantation. Results: Thirty-one eyes of 30 patients were included in the study with a mean follow-up time of 9.06 months (ranging between 6 and 18 months). UDVA improved from 0.85 ± 0.36 to 0.27 ± 0.14 logMAR (P = 0.001), and CDVA improved from 0.37 ± 0.22 to 0.13 ± 0.11 logMAR (P = 0.001). The mean spherical error decreased from ?3.66 ± 2.60 to ?1.60 ± 1.42 D (P = 0.001), and the mean cylindrical error decreased from ?4.91 ± 2.65 to ? 1.41 ± 1.31 D (P = 0.001). All topographic parameters measured from the anterior cornea demonstrated statistically significant improvements after PT-ICRS implantation (P = 0.001). K mean, K maximum, corneal astigmatism, and Q value showed a significant decrease. Besides the index of height asymmetry, all topometric indices were significantly reduced after PT-ICRS implantation. There were no loss of lines and no complications. Conclusion: PT-ICRS implantation in duck-type keratoconus is an effective and safe treatment. This intervention improves the visual acuity, refractive error, topographical, and topometric parameters significantly by decreasing both eccentricity and steepness of the cone.

Morphological and molecular identification of trematode isloates from laying ducks in Nanchang City / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To identify the species of trematodes isolated from laying ducks in Nanchang City using morphological and molecular approaches. Methods Trematodes were isolated from the hepatobiliary duct, gallbladder and large intestine of market-sold laying ducks in Nanchang City. Following morphological characterization, total DNA was extracted from all trematode specimens, and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) genes were amplified using PCR assay and sequenced. Sequence alignment was performed using the Blast software, and homology and phylogenetic analyses were done in the trematode isolates based on ITS and Cox1 gene sequences. Results The morphological characteristics of two trematode isolates from the large intestine of laying ducks were similar to those of Echinostoma revolutum and E. miyagawai, and the morphological characteristics of eight trematode samples isolated from the hepatobiliary duct and gallbladder of laying ducks were similar to those of Amphimerus anatis. The ITS and Cox1 gene sequences of the two trematode isolates from the large intestine of laying ducks had 99.3% and 98.9%-99.4% homology with E. miyagawai, and the phylogenetic analysis showed that two trematode isolates had the closest genetic relationship with E. miyagawai based on ITS and Cox1 gene sequences. The ITS gene sequences of eight trematode isolates from the hepatobiliary duct and gallbladder of laying ducks shared 95.1%-95.5% with Opisthorchis sudarikovi and Clonorchis sinensis, while the Cox1 gene sequences of eight trematode isolates from the hepatobiliary duct and gallbladder of laying ducks shared 86.3%-86.4% and 85.5%-85.7% with O. viverrini and O. sudarikovi. ITS gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the duck-derived trematode isolates had the closest genetic relationship with C. sinensis, and Cox1 gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the duck-derived trematode isolates had the closest genetic relationship with Metorchis orientalis and O. viverrini. Conclusions The trematode isolates from the large intestine of laying ducts in Nanchang City may be E. miyagawai, and the trematode isolates from the hepatobiliary duct and gallbladder may be an unidentified trematode species of the family Opisthorchiidae.

Avipoxvirus detected in tumor-like lesions in a white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata) / Avipoxvirus detectado em lesões tipo tumorais em uma marreca-irerê (Dendrocygna viduata)

Avipoxvirus is the etiological agent of the avian pox, a well-known disease of captive and wild birds, and it has been associated with tumor-like lesions in some avian species. A white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata) raised in captivity was referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Northeast due to cutaneous nodules present in both wings. A few days after the clinical examination, the animal died naturally. Once submitted to necropsy, histopathological evaluation of the lesions revealed clusters of proliferating epithelial cells expanding toward the dermis. Some of these cells had round, well-defined, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic material suggestive of poxvirus inclusion (Bollinger bodies). PCR performed on the DNA extracted from tissue samples amplified a fragment of the 4b core protein gene (fpv167), which was purified and sequenced. This fragment of Avipoxvirus DNA present in these tumor-like lesions showed high genetic homology (100.0%) with other poxviruses detected in different avian species in several countries, but none of them were related to tumor-like lesions or squamous cell carcinoma. This is the first report of Avipoxvirus detected in tumor-like lesions of a white-faced whistling duck with phylogenetic analysis of the virus.(AU)

Avipoxvirus é o agente etiológico da varíola (bouba) aviária, uma doença bem descrita em aves de cativeiro e selvagens, tendo sido associada a lesões semelhantes a tumores em algumas dessas espécies. Uma marreca piadeira (Dendrocygna viduata), criada em cativeiro, foi atendida em um Hospital Veterinário na região nordeste devido à presença de nódulos cutâneos em ambas as asas. Alguns dias após o exame clínico, o animal veio a óbito naturalmente. A ave foi submetida à necropsia e coletados fragmentos das lesões para análise histopatológica, que revelou proliferação de células epiteliais expandindo para a derme. Algumas dessas células possuíam material eosinofílico intracitoplasmático e bem definido, sugestivo de inclusão de poxvírus (corpúsculos de Bollinger). A PCR realizada a partir do DNA extraído de amostras das lesões amplificou um fragmento do gene da proteína do núcleo 4b (fpv 167), que foi purificado e sequenciado. Esse fragmento de DNA de Avipoxvirus presente nas lesões relevou alta homologia genética (100,0%) com outros poxvírus detectados em diferentes espécies de aves em vários países, mas nenhum deles estava relacionado a lesões tumorais ou carcinoma espinocelular. Este é o primeiro relato de Avipoxvirus detectado em lesões semelhantes a tumores em uma marreca piadeira com caracterização molecular do vírus.(AU)

Molecular cloning, expression and mimicking antiviral activity analysis of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I in duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Intracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a chief sign of replication for many viruses. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system detected the dsRNA and initiate the antiviral responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a member of PRRs, plays an essential regulatory role in dsRNA-induced signalling. In this study, the full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of duck RIG-I (duRIG-I) was cloned using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA of duRIG-I contained 97-bp 50 UTR, 141-bp 30 -UTR and 2802 bp complete open-reading frame (ORF) encoding 933 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignments showed that duRIG-I shared high similarity with RIG-I from other vertebrates. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that duRIG-I mRNA was expressed in all tested tissues, with high levels in the liver, heart, spleen, kidney and thymus, while lower in the duodenum. duRIG-I could be induced by treatment with poly(I:C). Further, overexpression of duRIG-I significantly activated the transcription of poly(I:C)-induced IFN-b, IRF7, TRIF, Mx, STAT1 and STAT2 mRNA, and duRIG-I knockdown showed the opposite results. Overall, our results suggested that duRIG-I could be an important receptor for mimicking antiviral state in duck, which warrant further studies to show the possible mechanism.

Cloning and expression of duck C4BPα and verification of its interaction with Riemerella anatipestifer / 生物工程学报

To study the interaction between C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and Riemerella anatipestifer (RA), we cloned duck C4BPα, conducted prokaryotic expression and prepared the polyclonal antibody by immunizing mice. Then indirect immunofluorescence assay and dot blotting hybridization assay were used to verify the interaction between C4BP and RA. The full length of duck C4BPα nucleotide sequence was 1 230 bp, with the highest similarity to chicken C4BPα (82.1%). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that duck C4BPα and chicken C4BPα were on the same phylogenetic tree branch and the genetic evolution relationship between them was the closest. C4BPα was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant proteins existed in intracellular soluble form. The titer of polyclonal antibody was more than 1:10 000 and polyclonal antibodies could specifically recognize the recombinant proteins. The results of indirect immunofluorescence assay and dot blot hybridization assay showed that RA could interact with duck C4BP. The results provide a basis to further reveal the pathogenesis of RA.

Effects of SCD-1 gene overexpression on the content of calcium ion and lipids in duck uterine epithelial cells / 生物工程学报

Stearoyl-CoAdesaturase-1 (SCD-1) is a key regulator of monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis. It plays a vital role in lipid synthesis and metabolism. Ca²⁺ is an important cation in the body and plays an important role in the organism. The aims of this study were to investigate the correlation of SCD-1 gene overexpression with lipid indexes and calcium ion level. The pcDNA3.1 (+) + SCD-1 +Flag eukaryotic expression vector and cultured duck uterine epithelial cells were co-transfected. The overexpression of SCD-1 gene was measured using the Flag Label Detection Kit. Ca ions and lipid contents were detected through Fluo-3/AM Calcium Ion Fluorescence Labeling method and Lipid Measuring Kit, respectively. SCD-1 gene overexpression was negatively correlated with triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and positively correlated with Ca ion, total cholesterol (TC), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Meanwhile, Ca ion was positively correlated with TG, LDL-C and HDL-C contents, and negatively correlated with TC and VLDL-C levels. Overexpression of SCD-1 gene could regulate Ca ion secretion, as well as lipid synthesis and transport in duck uterine epithelial cells.

Characterization of Echinostoma miyagawai in domestic ducks in Wuhu City / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the morphological characteristics of Echinostoma miyagawai in domestic ducks in Wuhu area, and to explore the feasibility of the cytochrome oxidase subunit-1 (Cox1) gene as a molecular marker for the identification of E. miyagawai. Methods E. miyagawai was isolated from free-ranged domestic ducks in Wuhu area, and the parasites were stained and identified. In addition, the mitochondrial Cox1 gene of E. miyagawai was amplified using a PCR assay, and the amplification product was sequenced and aligned with the GenBank database to yield the homology for the identification of parasite species in combination with morphological findings. Intra-species comparison was done based on the Cox1 gene sequence. Results The prevalence of E. miyagawai infection was 16.67% in domestic ducks in Wuhu area, and the adult E. miyagawai was 6.6 to 13.2 mm in length. The size of the E. miyagawai Cox1 gene was approximately 660 bp, which had a 99.68% homology to the E. miyagawai accessed in GenBank. The morphological findings were in agreement with molecular identification. Conclusion E. miyagawai infection is common in domestic ducks in Wuhu area, and the mitochondrial Cox1 gene is a feasible marker of intra- and inter-species molecular identification of Echinostoma.

Pathology of Wild Strain (DP/As-Km/0019) of Duck Plague Virus Infection Revived in Ducklings

Duck plague is an acute highly contagious disease of duck, geese and swan of all ages caused by Anatid Herpesvirus-1. The disease is characterized by significant decrease in growth, egg production and sudden death along with high morbidity and mortality which results into significant economic losses in duck industry. In present study, the pathology of wild strain (DP/As-Km/0019) of duck plague virus (DPV) was experimentally studied in 2 months old ducklings. The prominent clinical signs observed were depression, loss of appetite, greenish diarrhoea, ruffled feathers, nasal discharge, lacrimation and pasted eyelids with periorbital ring formation. The significant gross lesions were observed in spleen, oesophagus, liver, heart, brain and intestine. Vascular and degenerative changes like congestion, haemorrhages, necrosis and diphtheritic membrane formation were noticed in various parenchymatous organs. Microscopically, focal to diffuse areas of haemorrhages, coagulative necrosis, and fatty changes in liver, focal emphysema in lungs, formation of diphtheritic membrane on the mucosal surface along with presence of numerous infiltrating cells in oesophagus were recorded. Presence of Anatid Herpesvirus-1 viral DNA in liver and spleen tissue samples was detected by PCR.

Evaluation of In-Vitro Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-I Inhibitory Activity of Duck Egg Protein Hydrolysates and their Fractions

The present study was conducted to extract ACE-I inhibitory peptides from duck egg using proteases from different sources viz. plant (papain and ficin), animal (trypsin) bacterial (Alcalase). Initially, the whole duck egg liquid was defatted with multiple washing with ethanol. The partially denatured whole duck egg proteins were subjected to hydrolysis using preoptimized conditions (enzyme substrate ratio, pH, temperature, incubation time) w.r.t. each enzyme. Four treatments viz duck egg hydrolysed with alcalase (DEA), duck egg hydrolysed with ficin (DEF), duck egg hydrolysed with papain (DEP) and duck egg hydrolysed with trypsin (DET) were prepared. The collected respective hydrolysates were fractionated using ultrafiltration to obtain different fractions on the basis of molecular weight (kilo dalton) viz. whole: DEPH, >10 kDa: DEPH-1, 5-10 kDa: DEPH-2, 1-5 kDa: DEPH-3 and <1 kDa: DEPH-4. The whole hydrolysates and their fractions were evaluated for their ACE-I inhibitory activity under in-vitro condition. Amongst all the hydrolysates and their fractions, the ACE-I inhibitory activity of DEPH were significantly (p<0.05) higher than their respective fractions and DEPH of DEP exhibited the highest activity. However, all the fractions displayed varied (p<0.05) ACE-I inhibitory activity with each other. Results suggested that the duck egg protein hydrolysates and their fractions have strong antihypertensive activity which can be exploited to develop nutraceuticals or functional foods

Influences of Different Coating Materials on the Quality Changes of Hardboiled Salted Duck Eggs under Ambient Storage

Abstract The present study investigated the influences of selected coatings (paraffin wax (PW), chitosan (CH), whey protein isolate (WPI), and soy protein isolate (SPI)) on the quality changes of hardboiled salted duck eggs when kept under ambient temperature (30±2 oC). At 5-day intervals for 15 days, samples were tested for color (L*, C*, and h˚), shell strength, weight loss, microbial analysis, water activity, moisture, pH, salt content, TBARS, and sensory analysis. L*, C* and h˚ gradually decreased in egg white, whereas C* and h˚ gradually increased in egg yolk. Shell strength gradually decreased in all cases, and weight loss similarly increased throughout the storage. PW and WPI coatings gave the best shell strengths and the least weight loss. The aw was not significantly different between the treatments. WPI and PW retained the most moisture. A slight decrease in pH was observed in all the samples (P ≥ 0.05). On the other hand, salt content gradually increased with storage time, and the WPI and SPI treatments gave < 2% salt accumulation. TBARS steadily increased throughout storage, and the WPI samples had the least lipid oxidation. TPC, mold, and yeast at the end of storage were the least with the WPI treatment. Both the storage period and coating material choice significantly influenced the sensory scores that declined throughout the storage. Overall, the WPI coating treatment gave the best results.

Quality Evaluation of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum by Allele-specific PCR Method / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To screen the specific reverse primers of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum,duck gizzard membrane and goose gizzard membrane,and establish a specific PCR for molecular identifying Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum and its common adulterants. Method: Based on the mutation sites on the 12S rRNA sequence,specific polymerase Chain reaction(PCR) identify primers were designed for chicken,duck and goose gizzard membrane. The specific PCR reaction conditions were optimized,and the PCR identification method was explored and verified in terms of tolerance and feasibility. Thirty batches of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum decoction pieces extracted from the test were identified. Result: Thirty batches of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum decoction pieces were detected using chicken-specific primers, 273 bp of specific bands was amplified and visualized on the agarose electrophoregram. When duck and goose primers were used,no corresponding amplified band was detected. Conclusion: The allele-specific PCR method can be used as a rapid and accurate method to identify Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum. It is a promise method for special sampling tasks of Chinese herbal medicine and decoction tablets nationwide.

Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on growth performance, small intestine morphology and antioxidant status in ducks under heat stress conditions / Efectos de la suplementación con picolinato de cromo en el rendimiento de crecimiento, morfología del intestino delgado y estado antioxidante en patos bajo condiciones de estrés calórico

SUMMARY: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental chromium (Cr) on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal morphology, mucosa Hsp70 mRNA expression and antioxidant status of ducks reared under heat stress conditions. All ducks were randomly divided into three treatment groups, respectively, control group (Control, 23 ± 2 °C), heat stress group (HS, 32 ±2 °C), Cr picolinate group (CrPic, 32 ± 2 °C, 0.2 mg Cr/kg). Feed and distilled-deionized water were available ad libitum for an experimental phase of 35 days. Samples were collected on the day 14, 21 and 35 to determine biological and hematological values. Results showed that heat stress or dietary supplemental Cr both didn't have distinct influence on growth performance (P>0.05), compared to controls. Ducks fed 0.2 mg Cr/kg diet had greater ultimate pH (pHu)(P<0.05) than HS group. At day 14, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) in CrPic group significantly increased (P<0.05) than that of HS group in jejunum. Heat stress remarkably increased Hsp70 mRNA expression in jejunum compared with controls (P<0.05). While the expression of Hsp70 mRNA in CrPic group was significantly decreased compared with HS (P<0.05). At day 21, the V/C of ileum in CrPic group significantly increased compared with HS group (P<0.05). Serum SOD levels in CrPic group were significantly higher than those in HS group (P<0.05). At day 35, Hsp70 mRNA expression and serum T-SOD levels in CrPic group significantly increased compared with controls (P<0.05). T-AOC in HS group significantly decreased compared with controls (P<0.05). Results indicate that dietary Cr supplementation doesn't influence ducks' growth performance, but has a positive effect on meat quality, small intestine morphology, also regulates Hsp70 mRNA expression under heat stress conditions, and enhances the antioxidant status.

RESUMEN: Se evaluó los efectos del cromo (Cr) dietético suplementario sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, la calidad de la carne, la morfología intestinal, la expresión del ARNm Hsp70 en la mucosa y el estado antioxidante de los patos criados bajo condiciones de estrés por calor. Todos los patos se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos: grupo control (control, 23 ± 2 °C), grupo de estrés térmico (HS, 32 ± 2 °C) y grupo de picolinato de Cr (CrPic, 32 ± 2 °C, 0,2 mg Cr / kg). El alimento y el agua desionizada destilada estuvieron disponibles ad libitum durante la fase experimental de 35 días. Las muestras se recogieron los días 14, 21 y 35 para determinar los valores biológicos y hematológicos. Los resultados mostraron que el estrés térmico o la suplementación dietética de Cr no tuvieron una influencia distinta en el rendimiento del crecimiento (P> 0,05), en comparación con los controles. Los patos alimentados con 0,2 mg de Cr / kg de dieta tuvieron un mayor pH final (pHu) (P <0,05) que el grupo HS. En el día 14, la relación de la altura de las vellosidades a la profundidad de la cripta (V / C) en el grupo CrPic aumentó significativamente (P <0,05) en relación a la del grupo de HS en el yeyuno. El estrés por calor incrementó notablemente la expresión del ARNm de Hsp70 en el yeyuno en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). Mientras que la expresión del ARNm de Hsp70 en el grupo CrPic se redujo significativamente en comparación con HS (P <0,05). En el día 21, la relación V / C del íleon en el grupo CrPic aumentó significativamente en comparación con el grupo HS (p <0,05). Los niveles séricos de SOD en el grupo CrPic fueron significativamente más altos que los del grupo HS (P <0,05). En el día 35, la expresión de ARNm de Hsp70 y los niveles séricos de T-SOD en el grupo CrPic aumentaron significativamente en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). T-AOC en el grupo HS disminuyó significativamente en comparación con los controles (P <0,05). Los resultados indican que la suplementación dietética de Cr no influye en el rendimiento de crecimiento de los patos, pero tiene un efecto positivo en la calidad de la carne, en la morfología del intestino delgado, y también regula la expresión de ARNm de Hsp70 en condiciones de estrés calórico y mejora el estado antioxidante.

Influence of Prolonged Salting on the Physicochemical Properties of Duck Egg White

ABSTRACT Salted duck eggs are unique among the important authentic foods of Thailand. They are mainly produced in Chaiya district, Surat Thani province, in the southern part of Thailand. The egg whites of salted duck eggs are normally unusable due to heavily salty taste upon prolonged storage. The present study was aimed to examine the foaming characteristics of egg white after being cured for a prolonged period (30 days). At 5-day intervals the egg whites were measured for salt, moisture, water activity, hydrophobicity, pH, zeta potential, particle size, SH groups, surface tension and foaming properties (index of whipping, foam durability, specific density, overrun, air phase and yield stress). The results showed that prolonged curing significantly affected egg white and its foam. Salt content, hydrophobicity, particle size, and exposed SH groups gradually increased with storage period. On the other hand, moisture, water activity, pH, zeta potential, surface tension and total SH groups decreased continuously throughout the storage. In addition, foaming properties slightly declined due to accumulation of salt content with extended storage. Conversely, the yield stress - an important indicator of foam quality - increased from 32.33 to 70.55 % during storage. Overall, the egg whites could possibly serve as a key and/or a substitute ingredient in foam-based food products.

Fractura por avulsión de tipo II de la tuberosidad posterior del calcáneo (en pico de pato). Serie de casos / Type II avulsion fracture of calcaneal tuberosity (duck beak). Case series

Introducción El objetivo del estudio es conocer la incidencia, los resultados tras la cirugía y la necesidad de rehabilitación de las fracturas por avulsión de tipo II de la tuberosidad posterior del calcáneo. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo serie de casos. Se revisaron retrospectivamente todas las fracturas de calcáneo diagnosticadas en nuestro hospital en los últimos 12 años y se seleccionaron aquellas que fueron clasificadas como fracturas por avulsión de la tuberosidad del calcáneo (pico de pato). Resultados Encontramos 10 fracturas con un patrón de fractura por avulsión de la tuberosidad del calcáneo (pico de pato), que corresponden al 4% de todas las fracturas de calcáneo revisadas. Todas fueron tratadas mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna. Un caso fue tratado de forma urgente debido a signos de sufrimiento de partes blandas. Cuatro casos presentaron complicaciones posquirúrgicas. Tres casos requirieron tratamiento específico de rehabilitación. Ningún paciente necesitaba ayuda técnica un año después de la cirugía. Discusión Es razonable esperar un aumento de la incidencia en los próximos años debido al envejecimiento de la población y la prevalencia en aumento de diabetes y osteoporosis. El fragmento desplazado producido por el tendón aquíleo puede poner en peligro la viabilidad cutánea y afectar a la cicatrización posterior. A menudo, no se necesita un protocolo rehabilitador específico. Nivel de evidencia clínica. Nivel IV.

Background The objective of the study is to know the incidence, the results of the surgery and the need for rehabilitation of type II avulsion fractures of the posterior tuberosity of the calcaneus. Materials and methods An observational study of a series of cases was carried out. We retrospectively reviewed all the calcaneal fractures diagnosed in our hospital in the last 12 years and selected the ones classified as avulsion fractures of the tuberosity of the calcaneus (duck beak). Results We found 10 fractures with an avulsion fracture pattern of the calcaneal tuberosity (duck beak), which correspond to 4% of all the calcaneal fractures reviewed. All were treated by an open reduction and internal fixation. One case was treated urgently due to signs of suffering of soft tissue. Four cases presented post-surgical complications. Three cases required specific rehabilitation treatment. Usually, there is no a unique formula to establish a rehabilitation program after surgery. Discussion It is likely to expect an increase rate of this particular fracture according to that elderly population increase with associated osteoporosis and diabetes. The displaced fragment produced by the Achilles' tendon may compromise scaring after surgery. Often a specific rehabilitative protocol is not needed. Evidence level. IV.

Advances in the application of duck hepatitis B animal model in pharmaceutical field / 中国药科大学学报

@#The genome, replication mode and nosogenesis of duck hepatitis B virus are similar to those of human hepatitis B virus. In addition, the natural host of duck hepatitis B virus is readily available, cheap and has a high success rate of infection. Therefore, duck hepatitis B virus-infected models have been widely used for drug screening, pharmacological and pathological studies. For drug screening, the model is easy to obtain with high infection success rate and good stability. In the pharmacological research, the model can maintain high levels of viral DNA replication in the hepatocytes and exhibit significant damaged liver phenotypes which can reflect the pharmacological effects of drugs with different mechanisms. Also in the pathologic mechanisms research, the model has entire virus life cycle and maintains a pool of covalent closed-loop DNA in the hepatocytes, which can help scientific researchers better understand human hepatitis B virus. This article reviews the applications of duck hepatitis B animal model in drug screening, pharmacological and pathological studies, also outlooks the application prospect of this model.

Prevalence,antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence gene analysis of Salmonella spp.originated from ducks in Chengdu area,China / 中国人兽共患病学报

We investigated the contamination,antimicrobial resistance and the virulence genes carriage of Salmonella spp. in duck slaughter chain.Suspected strains were isolated from slaughterhouse samples according to GB 4789.4-2010 and identi-fied by duplex PCR,and then the positive strains were used for serotype analysis.Subsequently,positive strains were tested against 10 different antimicrobial agents using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method,the results were determined on the basis of CLSI standard.Finally,9 virulence genes were detected among positive strains by PCR.The results showed that 9 9 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 343 samples and total isolation rate was 28.86%.The prevalence of Salmonella before slaughte-ring,at depilation stage,at evisceration stage,in duck meat and after slaughtering was 45.71%,22.68%,24.72%, 38.33% and 25.81%,respectively.Seven serotypes were de-tected and most of them were S.Indiana,S.Newlands,S. Anatum.The Salmonella isolates were most frequently re-sistant to nalidixic acid(91.92%),the resistance rates of tet-racycline (43.43%),ampicillin (42.42%),trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.34%),ciprofloxacin (29.29%),ceftri-axone (27.27%),gentamycin (24.24%),and kanamycin (22.22%)were at a medium level.The resistance rates of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (9.09%)and minocycline (6.06%)were relatively low.The multi-drug resistance rate of Salmonella isolates,which was 47.47%,showed a high especially in S.Indi-ana,S.Typhi and S.Typhimurium.It was notable that the harboring rates of virulence gene spvR(94.95%),avrA (93.94%),ssaQ(90.91%),mgtC(87.88%),sopB(83.84%),bcfC(80.81%),siiD(77.78%)among Salmonella isolates were at high level,in contrast to the lower carriage rates of spvB(29.29%),spvC (11.11%).In summary,the results indica-ted that the duck slaughter chain was easily contaminated by Salmonella spp.with different serotypes,different antibiotic re-sistant patterns and high virulence genes harboring rate.Relevant slaughterhouse and departments should strengthen supervi-sion in sanitation and manage the use of antimicrobial agents,to guarantee food safety and public health．

Effect of duck Tembusu virus infection on exosomes of BHK-21 cells / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of duck Tembusu virus infection on secretion of exosomes in BHK-21 cells and the pathogenesis of the Tembusu virus.Methods:The exosomes were collected and purified from the culture supernatant of BHK-21 cells infected with duck Tembusu virus AH-F10 strain and the control BHK-21 cells by PEG precipitation method respectively.The purified exosomes were identified by electron microscopy,Western blot assay and mass spectrometry.Results: The classical exosome particle morphology was observed with hyperchromic cup-shaped vesicles and average particle size of 30-160 nm in diameter under transmission electron microscopy.The mean size of the exosome from the infected cells were bigger than the mean size of the exosome from the unin-fected.Western blot assay demonstrated that CD9 and CD63 were detected in purified exosomes as exosome marker molecula.A total of 106 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry assay,84 proteins of infected BHK-21 cells exosome,49 proteins of the uninfected, and the infected and the uninfected BHK-21 share 27 common proteins on exosomes.Conclusion:Duck Tembusu virus infection affect the exosome secretion of cells in connection to the particle size and protein molecular composition.This experiment can lay the foundation for further research of Tembusu virus infection and pathogenesis.

Primer registro de Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Trematoda: Typhlocoelidae) en Cairina moschata domestica (aves: Anatidae) en Colombia / First record of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (trematode: Typhlocoelidae) in Cairina moschata domestica (birds: Anatidae) in Colombia / Primeiro registro de Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Trematódeo: Typhlocoelidae) em Cairina moschata doméstica (aves: Anatidae) na Colômbia

Resumen: En el presente estudio se registra por primera vez para Colombia el trematodo Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) en el pato criollo doméstico (Cairina moschata domestica). Se colectaron un total de 210 trematodos en 42 individuos adultos, 26 machos y 16 hembras. Se encontró una frecuencia parasitaria del 57,14 % y una intensidad parasitaria promedio de 8,75 parásitos por animal. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la presencia del trematodo en ecosistemas acuáticos del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia.

Abstract: This study records for the first time in Colombia the presence of trematode Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) in domestic Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica). A total of 210 trematodes were collected from 42 adult individuals, 26 males and 16 females. Parasitic frequency was 57.14% and mean parasitic intensity was 8.75 parasites per animal. Results show the presence of trematodes in aquatic ecosystems in the Department of Córdoba (Colombia).

Resumo: Neste estudo se registra pela primeira vez para a Colômbia o trematódeo Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) no pato-do-mato (pato de Muscovy) doméstico (Cairina moschata doméstica). Coletaram-se um total de 210 trematódeos em 42 indivíduos adultos, 26 machos e 16 fêmeas. Se encontrou uma frequência parasitária do 57,14 % e uma intensidade parasitária em média de 8,75 parasitas por animal. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a presença do trematódeo em ecossistemas aquáticos do departamento de Córdoba, na Colômbia.

Seasonal reproductive cycle and variability in plasma testosterone levels in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) / Ciclo reprodutivo sazonal e variabilidade em níveis de testosterona no pato doméstico (Anas platyrhynchos)

Morphofunctional gonadal alterations constitute an annual cycle in birds during which four phases can be distinguished in the testes based on histological modifications in the seminiferous epithelium, called quiescence, recrudescence, reproduction and regression. The aim of the present investigation was to conduct a morphometric and morphological study of the seminiferous epithelium on the testis of domestic duck and to evaluate the plasma testosterone levels in order to determine the possible presence of a reproductive cycle in the tropical region. The study was conducted on 60 adult domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), where five animals were sacrificed per month and the testes were removed and histologically and morphometrically studied. Blood samples of the five animals were collected monthly in the morning period and the testosterone levels were analyzed. Annual reproductive cycle of the domestic duck presented by four distinct phases, starting with the reproductive phase at the beginning of winter (July) and peak of reproduction in spring (October), accompanied by an increase in tubule seminiferous diameter, epithelium height, weight and testicular volume, followed by a regressive phase at the end of spring (November) and the beginning of summer (December). Testicular quiescence was observed during summer (January and February) and was followed by a phase of spermatogenic recrudescence, which lasted throughout autumn (March to June), corresponding to the longest phase of the cycle. Complete spermiogenesis in terms of spermatozoa maturation and spermiation was observed during the reproductive phase, coinciding with the plasma testosterone peak. At regressive phase an exfoliation of the seminiferous epithelium was observed, accompanied by a great amount of fibrillar collagen. A decrease in tubular seminiferous diameter and epithelium height was observed during testicular quiescence, with predominance of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells and a second plasma testosterone peak was also observed during this phase (January), probably representing the preparation for a gradual return to the spermatogenic process during recrudescence. The latter phase was characterized by gradual recovery of the seminiferous epithelium, accompanied by the increase of spermatogonia, onset of meiosis, and the presence of primary spermatocytes and maturing spermatids. In conclusion the domestic duck presented the testicular cycle divided in four distinct phases in the tropical region with testosterone peaks in the testicular quiescence and reproductive phases.

Alterações morfofuncionais gonadais constituem um ciclo anual em aves durante o qual quatro fases podem ser distinguidas nos testículos, com base em modificações histológicas no epitélio seminífero, chamados de repouso, recrudescência, proliferação e regressão. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar um estudo morfológico e morfométrico do epitélio seminífero no testículo de pato doméstico e avaliar os níveis de testosterona plasmática, a fim de determinar a possível presença de um ciclo reprodutivo na região tropical. O estudo foi conduzido em 60 patos domésticos adultos (Anas platyrhynchos), onde cinco animais foram sacrificados por mês e os testículos foram removidos e estudados histologicamente e morfometricamente. As amostras de sangue dos cinco animais foram coletadas mensalmente no período da manhã e os níveis de testosterona foram analisados. O ciclo reprodutivo anual do pato doméstico apresentou quatro fases distintas, iniciando com a fase reprodutiva no início do inverno (julho) e pico de reprodução na primavera (outubro), acompanhado por um aumento no diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, na altura do epitélio, no peso e no volume dos testículos e, seguido de uma fase regressiva no final da primavera (novembro) e no início do verão (dezembro). A quiescência testicular foi observada durante o verão (janeiro e fevereiro) e seguida por uma fase de recrudescência espermatogênica, a qual perdurou durante o outono (Março a Junho), que correspondeu à fase mais longa do ciclo. A espermatogênese completa, em termos de maturação dos espermatozóides e espermiação, foi observada durante a fase de reprodução, que coincidiu com o pico de testosterona no plasma. Na fase regressiva foi observada uma esfoliação do epitélio seminífero, acompanhada por aumento na quantidade de colágeno fibrilar. Um decréscimo no diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos e na altura do epitélio seminífero foram observados durante a quiescência testicular, com predomínio de espermatogônias e células de Sertoli e, um segundo pico de testosterona plasmática, também foi observado durante essa fase (Janeiro), provavelmente representando a preparação para um retorno gradual ao processo espermatogênico durante a recrudescência. Esta última fase foi caracterizada pela recuperação gradual do epitélio seminífero, acompanhada pelo aumento de espermatogônia, início da meiose, e a presença de espermatócitos primários e espermátides em maturação. Em conclusão o pato doméstico apresentou o ciclo testicular dividido em quatro fases distintas na região tropical, com picos de testosterona nas fases reprodutiva e de quiescência testicular.

Sequence analysis and structure prediction of the methyltransferase of duck Tembusu virus / 中国人兽共患病学报

In order to determine the amino acid sequence of functionthat play a role of methyltransferase (MTase) activity in duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV),we have made sequence analysis and structure prediction of the MTase in DTMUV by bioin formatics methods,as well as using the sequence and structure of MTase in other flaviviruses which have been reported.The bioinformatical analysis results showed that the MTase and the MTase of other three kinds of flaviviruses had the higher homology in nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence,for 64.76％,64.55％,67.33％ and 74.71％,68.45％,75.15％ respectively,and the same basic structural characteristics which contained SAM binding site and had a typical of 4 alpha screw and 7 beta folding.At the same time,there were classical conservative sites K-D-K-E of flavivirus MTase in DTMUV MTase sequence.In conclusion,they imply that the MTase of DTMUV might belong to MTase family of flaviviruses.